Gynaecology › Ovarian Cysts
Ovarian Cysts
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac developing within or on the surface of an ovary. They are common during the reproductive years and most are harmless; many disappear on their own within a few menstrual cycles.
Types of cyst
- Functional cysts: a natural part of the menstrual cycle, usually resolving on their own
- Endometrioma (chocolate cyst): seen together with endometriosis
- Dermoid cyst: arising from congenital tissue remnants
- Cystadenoma: a benign cyst arising from the ovarian surface
- Polycystic appearance: not a single cyst but possibly part of a hormonal picture
Symptoms
- One-sided pelvic pain or a sense of fullness
- A change in the menstrual pattern
- Pain during intercourse
- Bloating, frequent urination or pressure on the bowel
- Most cysts cause no symptoms and are found on routine ultrasound
How it is assessed
Ultrasound shows the size, contents and wall structure of the cyst and is often sufficient on its own. Blood tests and further imaging are added where required.
Age, menopausal status and the ultrasound findings are considered together in deciding whether the cyst should be observed or removed.
Treatment
For small, simple-looking cysts, ultrasound review at set intervals is usually enough. Surgery is considered for cysts that grow, cause symptoms, look suspicious or fail to regress.
Where surgery is appropriate it is most often performed laparoscopically; the aim is to remove the cyst while preserving healthy ovarian tissue.
When to seek help urgently
- Sudden, severe one-sided pelvic pain
- Pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting
- Faintness or cold sweating
- Abdominal pain together with fever
