In a smear (PAP) test a small brush is used to collect cells from the cervix for laboratory examination. It takes a few seconds and is usually painless; you may feel slight pressure.

The test is not designed to diagnose cancer but to catch the cell changes that can lead to it. A normal result is reassuring for that interval.

HPV (human papillomavirus) is the principal cause of cervical cancer. The test shows whether high-risk types of the virus are present.

A positive HPV result does not mean cancer; the virus is very common and most infections clear on their own. What matters is following up infections that persist.

• Under 30, follow-up with smear alone is usually considered sufficient
• Between 30 and 65, combined smear and HPV testing is the common approach
• When both tests are normal the interval may be extended
• The interval is shortened if previous results were uncertain or immunity is suppressed

The HPV vaccine protects against the virus types most often responsible for cancer. It gives the greatest benefit when given before sexual activity begins, but may still be considered later.

Vaccination does not replace screening — smear and HPV follow-up continue in vaccinated women.

• Choose a day when you are not menstruating
• Avoid vaginal medication, creams and douching for 2 days beforehand
• Avoid intercourse for 2 days before the test
• Bring any previous smear and HPV results with you